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Tabulating machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The tabulating machine was a machine designed to assist in tabulations. ... British Tabulating Machine Company. Powers Accounting Machine Company ...
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Tabulating Machines
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Tabulating Machines: Table of Contents | Macmillan Computer Sciences ...
Tabulating Machines summary with 5 pages of encyclopedia entries, research ... In 1896 Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company. ...
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Hollerith Tabulating machine 1889
history of computing ... Tabulating machine. Herman Hollerith. As early as 1884, Herman Hollerith, an ... The Hollerith Electrical Tabulating System was the ...
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Herman Hollerith - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hollerith's Electric Sorting and Tabulating Machine, ca. ... The Electric Tabulating Machine" ... IBM Archives: Tabulating Machine Co. plant. Early Office ...
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Tabulating Machine
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Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine
Hollerith, Herman, "The Electric Tabulating Machine", Journal of the Royal ... "Hollerith's Electric Tabulating Machine", Railroad Gazette, 19 April 1895. ...
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Inventor Herman Hollerith
... Herman Hollerith inventor of an early computer, the punch card machine in 1890. ... His Tabulating Machine Company (1896) was a predecessor to the International ...
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Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machines
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The tabulating machine was a machine designed to assist in tabulations. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the U.S. Census, 1890.

The term "supercomputer" was first used by the New York World newspaper in 1929. Page 95 identifies the article as . However the article shown on page 95 references the Statistical Bureau in Hamilton Hall and an article at the Columbia Computing History web site states that such did not exist until 1929. See The Columbia Difference Tabulator - 1931 to refer to large custom-built tabulators IBM made for Columbia University.

1890 census The U.S. Census, 1880 had taken seven years to tabulate, and by the time the figures were available, they were clearly obsolete. Due to rapid growth of the U.S. population from 1880 to 1890, primarily because of immigration, it was estimated that the United States Census, 1890 would take approximately thirteen years to complete—an immense logistical problem.

On the census figures to apportion taxation between the U.S. states and to determine United States Congressional Apportionment, a faster way had to be found.

Hollerith had been inspired by a Ticket (admission). Conductor (transportation)s used a hole punch to mark information on a ticket (for example, the destination and age of the traveller). Hollerith realized the card would act as an electrical insulator, except where the holes were punched.

Hollerith used punch card which were the same size as 1887 United States dollar, as receptacles of that size were readily available. (Cards of the same size were used for computing until punch cards were phased out in the 1980s, but punch card voting systems using the same sized cards lasted into the 21st century). The cards were coded for age, state of residence, sex and other information, and clerks could punch holes in the card to enter information from returns.

Hollerith's machine was rather simple. A set of spring loaded wires were suspended over the card reader. The card sat over several pools of Mercury (element), one pool corresponding to each hole in the card. When the wires were pressed onto the card, holes allowed the wire to dip in the mercury, completing an electric circuit, which would advance a counter and set off a bell to let the operator know the card had been read. Simultaneously, a receptacle would open for storage of the card, the choice of receptacle depending on the information in the card IBM Archive: Hollerith Tabulator & Sorter Box.

Coding the cards and entering them into the counter could be done by clerks. As such, the process was much faster than assembling census returns by hand. With Hollerith's machine, the 1890 census was completed in eighteen months, after the count was double-checked.

Following the 1890 census The advantages of the technology were immediately apparent for accounting and tracking inventory. Hollerith started his own business in 1896, founding the Tabulating Machine Company. In 1911, four corporations, including Hollerith's firm, merged to form the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR). In 1924 CTR was renamed International Business Machines. IBM developed faster and faster tabulators until the invention of the electronic computer in the 1940s.

The first automatic feed tabulator, operating at 150 cards/minute, was developed in 1906 IBM Archive: 1906.

IBM 301 (Type IV) Accounting Machine: From the IBM Archives:The 301 (better known as the Type IV) Accounting Machine was the first card-controlled machine to incorporate class selection, automatic subtraction and printing of a net positive or negative balance. Dating to 1928, this machine exemplifies the transition from tabulating to accounting machines. The Type IV could list 100 cards per minute.

IBM 401: From the IBM Archives: The 401, introduced in 1933, was an early entry in a long series of IBM alphabetic tabulators and accounting machines. It was developed by a team headed by J. R. Peirce and incorporated significant functions and features invented by A. W. Mills, F. J. Furman and E. J. Rabenda. The 401 added at a speed of 150 cards per minute and listed alphanumerical data at 80 cards per minute.

IBM 405 ( photo): From the IBM Archives: Introduced in 1934, the 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine was the basic bookkeeping and accounting machine marketed by IBM for many years. Important features were expanded adding capacity, greater flexibility of counter grouping, direct printing of entire alphabet, direct subtraction and printing of either debit or credit balance from any counter. Commonly called the 405 "tabulator," this machine remained the flagship of IBM's product line until after World War II.

IBM 407 was introduced in 1949.

See also

• List of IBM products#Tabulators, Accounting machines
• British Tabulating Machine Company
• Powers Accounting Machine Company
• Powers-Samas aka. "Acc and Tab"

For early use of tabulators for scientific computations see

• Leslie Comrie
• Wallace John Eckert

Notes External links

• Columbia University Computing History: Hollerith & IBM Tabulators and Accounting Machines
• IBM Archives: Electric tabulating machines (1930)
• IBM Archives: Electric accounting machines (1932)

Tabulating Machine Company from FOLDOC
Tabulating Machine Company < company > The company founded in 1896 by Herman Hollerith to exploit his invention of the punched card. It became part of IBM in 1924.

Tabulating machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The tabulating machine was a machine designed to assist in tabulations. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S.

Herman Hollerith - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hollerith then started his own business in 1896, founding the Tabulating Machine Company. Most of the major census bureaus around the world leased his equipment and purchased his ...

The British Tabulating Machine Company
BTM - BRITISH TABULATING MACHINE COMPANY LTD. BTM owed its origins to Herman Hollerith who invented punched-card machines in the 1880s. In 1896 Hollerith formed a small business ...

Tabulating Machine Company
The Free Online Dictionary of Computing (http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/) is edited by Denis Howe < dbh@doc.ic.ac.uk >. Previous: TABSOL Next: TAC Tabulating Machine Company

Tabulating Machine Company definition of Tabulating Machine Company in ...
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IBM Archives: 1890s
The winner was Herman Hollerith, son of a German immigrant and Census Bureau statistician, whose Punch Card Tabulating Machine used an electric current to sense holes in punched ...

Hollerith-Tabulator-1890
History of Computing. An Encyclopedia of the People and Machines that Made Computer History

Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine
Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), Columbia University School of Mines EM 1879, Columbia University PhD 1890. Photo: IBM.

Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator
Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator Photo: IBM. Herman Hollerith 's 1890 tabulating machine is shown above (image from IBM; CLICK HERE for a color photo).